Exploring about immediate, gynecological, sexual and obstetric complications health consequences in female genital mutilation or cutting (fgm/c)

Zahra Baghersad,1,*

1. Master of midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction

Female genital mutilation or cutting is recognized worldwide as a violation of the girls’ and women’s human rights and constitutes an intense form of discrimination against them due to the severe medical risks and health consequences. regarding the importance of the issue, the researcher aimed to provide a study aimed at determining the immediate, gynecological, sexual and obstetric complications health consequences in female genital mutilation or cutting.

Methods

This study is a review article analysis was performed of systematically using keywords "female genital mutilation or cutting, immediate, gynecological, sexual, obstetric complications" in information resources "pubmed, up to date, google scholar, biomed, wiley online library, elsevier" among 2005 to 2018 years and found 73 articles, 2 electronic books and 1 theses were connected with topics that that have been used of full-text articles.

Results

Immediate complications (excessive bleeding, urine retention, genital tissue swelling, problems with wound healing, and pain), genitourinary problems (scarring, keloids, abscesses, fistulae, damaged tissue of perineum, anal sphincter, disfigurement, vaginal obstruction and cysts, burning or painful urination, menstrual problems "dysmenorrhea, difficulty in menstruation, menstrual problems, irregular menses, and difficulty in passing menstrual blood", chronic pelvic infections, reproductive tract infections, genital infections and vaginitis), painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia, hiv and sexually transmitted infections, and infertility), and obstetric outcomes (prolonged labor, tears/lacerations, caesarean section, episiotomy, instrumental delivery, hemorrhage failed, difficult labor).

Conclusion

Despite the few studies in this area, the researcher emphasizes that caring for girls and women who suffer from its consequences and research into the best and most acceptable treatment and care are important. also, while work continues to eradicate fgc in indigenous societies, we envision a future in which fgc-affected immigrant communities in the developed world receive holistic support. in the authors’ opinion, the ideal situation would be one in which formal training on fgc was developed for healthcare providers, school personnel and social service workers. pediatric care providers would learn about this cultural norm to facilitate early intervention.

Keywords

Female genital mutilation or cutting, immediate, gynecological, sexual, obstetric complications.