Promote agricultural style of Halophytes In the lands of Urmia Lake to stabilize fine dust and prevention disease

Promote agricultural style of Halophytes In the lands of Urmia Lake to stabilize fine dust and prevention disease
Anahita Parsanezhad,^1,*
1. Alavi high school of Tabriz
Introduction: Urmia lake is a lake in northwest of Iran which is located between the two provinces of eastern and eastern Azerbaijan and is the sixth Salt Lake in the world. The lake is highly saline and is mostly fed by Zarrineh River, Simineh River, Talkheh River, Gader, Baranduz, Nazlu and Zola rivers. Since the mid - 1980 s, the lake has begun to dry and is now at risk of being frozen, including the land - on - lake highway, intensive use of catchment sources, non - expert agriculture regardless of the area " s culture capacity, construction of numerous dams and for natural causes, reduction of snow and rain and drought. The report suggests that by 2015 the lake has lost 88 % of its area; however, in recent years, such as elsewhere in Iran, it has seen torrential rains in the spring that contributed to the revival of part of the lake. experts compare the condition of the Urmia lake with the Aral Sea in the central Asian region. The Aral Sea, which was located in Russia (former Soviet Union), was a vast, salty lake that gradually dry up and disappeared due to the diversion of its flowing rivers. After drying up, there were many salt storms that caused various illnesses, including reducing the sight of people in the region, high blood pressure, severe anemia in teenagers and pregnant women, or birth of premature babies or physical and physical disabilities unfortunately, we have witnessed the occurrence of this phenomenon in Urmia lake as time has been repeated. The study suggests that it has been enhanced by the drying of the lake, blood and skin infections that reflect the harmful effects of light. some environmental pundits predict that the temperate climate of the region will be converted into tropical climates, and the environmental conditions in the region will be changed. In addition to salt, many contaminants, including heavy toxic metals used in agriculture, penetrate into the surface and subsurface waters associated with the lake, and many of the toxic substances are aerobic when the lake is completely dry The most important cause of destructive environmental effects and disease in the inhabitants of the dried lakes is toxic dust that rises into the air due to sediments deposited on the shores of the lake. Dust is one of the effective geological factors in causing diseases and has different pathogenic potentials depending on the particle size, intensity and duration of contact between the combination of mineralogy and associated pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, the dust - dust phenomenon is causing damage to the agricultural sector, which includes the decline in agricultural soil fertility and the introduction of toxic compounds to the food chain, including those. In addition to the occurrence of dust, the dust of the salt and soil particles on the leaves and stems, and the possibility of proper use by animals is eliminated. When livestock are forced to feed on fodder, it will be inevitable to cause numerous digestive problems and metabolic diseases. predicted by the drying of the lake, we have witnessed heavy rainfall in many neighboring provinces, which will lead to more than 13 m people displaced. This displacement will eventually lead to mass migration of people to cities and eventually to other countries as well as to other continents, which in turn will have irreparable consequences for the whole world. Although the name of the dried lakes has been associated with the creation of dust hotspots, it should be borne in mind that in recent years human knowledge has been able to largely control this crisis; For example, measures taken on Lake Owens in the United States show that the use of methods such as identifying dust production centers, using dust collecting filters and studying the chemical elements in the particles has been effective in adopting appropriate methods to control fine dust. These studies have been done to some extent in Lake Urmia. Therefore, studies will not harm the ecosystem of the region by increasing vegetation to control dust, nor will there be any problems if Lake Urmia is rehabilitated. Plants that can grow in the soils around Lake Urmia must first of all have an important common feature and that is soil salinity tolerance, i.e they are among the halophyte (salinity) plants. Agriculture Salinity is the exploitation of saline water and soil resources for the production of crops and horticultural products, both saline and non-saline. Salinization is an economic technology of exploitation of unusable saline water and soil resources in conventional agriculture with emphasis on environmental aspects. (Dehghani et al., 2016) Saline plants are plants that are able to complete their life cycle in saline soils. Saline plants (or saline plants) are plants that can coexist with seawater and other water and saline soils and reduce excess salt in the soil. Seawater can also be used to irrigate them. Due to the rich resources of sea water, these plants are a great help to control desertification and desertification. Several countries use these plants in their ecosystems. Approximately 11.1% of the earth's plant flora is composed of salinity-resistant salts. Saline products can even be used as fodder, wood, medicinal and oily plants, cover and ornamental plants, bio-drainage, bioremediation of detergents, dyeing and tanning, windbreaks, ecosystem stabilization, biofuel production, etc. Also, with salinity agriculture, the pressure on fresh water resources is reduced (Kafi et al., 2011) Genetically, saline plants are plants that can grow and produce in saline soils due to their specific gene sequences. By studying gene sequences, it was found that one of the genes that can give this property to plants is the DREB gene. Among halophyte plants, Salicornia plant, having DREB gene, has been considered for producing oil, livestock fodder and edible vegetables using lake water and cultivation power in saline soils. The natural habitat of this plant is salt flats, sea shores, swamps and salt marshes of Europe, South Asia, North America and South Africa (Singh et al., 2014) There are many plants in the category of halophytes that can be used for various purposes such as food and agriculture or ornamental and creating green space due to their resistance and adaptation to the climate of the region. Atriplex Spp, which is an evergreen plant, belongs to the group of saline plants; And sea water can be used to irrigate it. Properly covered, it will withstand a great deal of adverse conditions in the summer and fall, when most plants die. Sometimes, the amount of vitamin A in this plant per gram, even more than 35 mg. The roots of this plant are straight and deep, so that sometimes it reaches a depth of four meters. The foliage of this plant, with its large expansion, becomes a shrub and prevents the flow of water in it for areas that have salty soils and about 200 mm per year, rainfall is possible from 3 to 4 months. Therefore, these plants are effective plants for desertification. It is resistant to cold and heat, and tolerance ranges between 15 and 40 ° C, and in most parts of Iran, there is a limit. Salicornia is a succulent, succulent, annual plant of the family Chenopodiace and the genus Salicornioideae. The embryo is located in a circular seed or horseshoe and the flowers are complete, the inflorescence is spike and the stem is banded and articulated. So far, about 60 species of Salicornia have been identified (Ahmadi, Golshan Noor, 2013). One of its famous species is Salicornia bigelovii. (S. bigelovii), which grows in the coastal areas of North and Central America Today, European and Asian countries have paid more attention to this plant, so that its plant is used in European countries for food and in Asian countries for fresh salads and pickles. Salicornia oil is used in medicinal cases (traditional medicine) to treat diseases such as bronchitis, liver swelling, diarrhea, hypoglycemia, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Also, this plant has antioxidant and antioxidant properties. Equal to environmental conditions (Isca et al., 2014) So far, Mexico, India, Eritrea, Saudi Arabia and the UAE have successfully cultivated Salicornia Out of 15 species of Salicornia in the world, there are seven species in Iran. Habitats of this plant in Iran include the provinces of Fars, Semnan, Gorgan, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Yazd, West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Qom and Tehran. But despite the fact that Iran is one of the main habitats of this plant, studies conducted on this plant in our country are very limited. (Salehi, Dehghani, Ebrahimi, 1396) Recently, this plant has been considered for the development of the southern coastal strip and cultivation in the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. Here are three main reasons why Salicornia is considered an oily plant: 1-High production potential with sea water Extractable oil comparable to oil of similar plants2- Similar yield to soy with fresh water (Salehi, Dehghani, Ebrahimi, 1396) 3- Salicornia identification studies in Iran show that the Iranian Salicornia species is different from the European Salicornia. Six species of Salicornia have been identified in central and southern Iran. Most species of Iranian Salicornia that are able to tolerate dry conditions are scattered in central Iran, and especially the species Salicornia persica, which needs swampy and saline conditions, is distributed in southern and central Iran
Methods: According to the studies on cultivation of salicornia that has been done in Yazd (Salehi, Dehghani, Ebrahimi, 1396) Salicornia persica was cultivated in this project. Potted soil was planted in different areas in front of this randomly selected lake. The method of cultivation was that after preparing the soil and leveling it properly, the pots were irrigated to harden the soil surface. Then the seeds were poured to a depth of one centimeter of soil in a completely superficial way and covered with stored powder manure. In order not to damage the delicate seeds, this plant should be done completely superficially and fertilization should be done with sensitivity . The soil surface was kept moist until the plant was fully established. After about 20-25 days, the germination stage was observed. Unfortunately, due to the ideal greenhouse or ground conditions for cultivation, and it is not enough to continue the growth of plants, the plant stops growing at the same stage. It is certain that if the cultivation is more specialized and equipped with expert and engineering support, this project can help to change the cultivation method of the region
Results: Findings showed that Salicornia persica grows in soil samples of the shores of Lake Urmia, which is prepared randomly and placed in a pot culture medium. Findings show that this plant is in natural climatic conditions that can be young for a limited period of 20-25 days and is suitable for the soil
Conclusion: Since 1995, the surface of Lake Urmia has decreased in the catchment area due to various reasons such as drought, construction of many dams, construction of Shahid Kalantari road and digging wells that farmers used to irrigate their fields. . The lake caused a change and decrease in the vegetation of the region (Ahmadi et al., 1397) and following the drying of the lake, the saline soil resulting from the drying of the water increased the possibility of salt dust in the air. The release of these dust particles into the air of the region has created many problems on a large scale for the people of the region and perhaps the people of the whole region. Cultivation of annual or perennial plant resistant species is one of the least expensive and least harmful methods . These plants prevent further soil erosion and the spread of these salt dust particles. Considering that the cultivation was done directly in the soil around Lake Urmia, it can be concluded that Salicornia persica has the ability to germinate and grow in this soil and by providing suitable cultivation conditions, it can be grown in saline soils. Areas of Lake Urmia to be cultivated and harvested. In addition to purifying water and soil salinity, saline plants, including salicornia, can be used as a forage and medicinal plant. Therefore, in the future, it can be effective in modifying the ecosystem of West and East Azerbaijan provinces. (Mahsa Taghavi, Laleh Parviz, 1396) According to research, the Salicornia plant, after growing, is placed almost in an umbrella on the soil, and by shading the soil, in case of large-scale cultivation, it prevents further evaporation of soil water. The cultivation of Biglornia salicornia in Yazd has been done successfully and many other species of Salicornia have been cultivated in other countries, but according to the hypothesis, Salicornia persica species, which is native to Iran, can be more successful in the saline soils of Iran and Especially Azerbaijan should be cultivated. Cultivation of salicornia can have many benefits for the region, including: -In addition to its medicinal, ornamental, dyeing and tanning uses, its fodder can be used for animal feed in the region and its oil can be used for human consumption -While preventing soil erosion and prevents the production of salt dust that is caused by salt overflow, it also acts as a wind breaker on the soil surface and prevents the formation of salt storms. -by shading the soil surface in the warm seasons of the year (July and August) prevents further evaporation of soil water and erosion and as a result the production of fine dust. -In case of large-scale cultivation, beautiful landscapes of Salicornia farms will be created in the tourist seasons, which can be helped with proper advertising to the region's tourism, and as in previous years, the presence of Lake Urmia sent a flood of tourists to the region, again. Increased tourism in the region and ultimately helped improve the region's economy -With the boom of salicornia cultivation in farms and villages around Lake Urmia, suitable employment has been created for the residents of the region and the migration of young people from rural areas to cities to find jobs and income, which gradually reduces local residents, to prevent The action comes. According to the Natural Resources Organization of East Azerbaijan Province, the cultivation of Halknum shrub is one of the ongoing projects. However, since this cultivation is very expensive and in addition the growth time of the plant is not suitable for farmers, plant cultivation such as Salicornia in the lands around Lake Urmia, due to the shorter time required for growth compared to Halknum and yield The product is suitable for agriculture and is recommended Therefore, the hypothesis of cultivation of this species in saline areas around Lake Urmia can be both ideal for farmers and to prevent soil erosion can play a significant role
Keywords: Urmia lake land, Salicornia plant, fine dust Preface