Effects of coronavirus on the human body

Effects of coronavirus on the human body
fatemeh rezvani fard,^1,*
1. shaheed chamran university
Introduction: Coronavirus belongs to the subfamily corinavirinae in the family Coronaviridae of the order Nidovirales and this subfamily consists of 4 genera: gammacoronavirus, alphacoronavirus, deltacoronavirus, betacoronavirus
Methods: Sore throat, runny nose, in less common cases sputum, headache, myalgia or fatigue, chest pain, diarrhea leading to dehydration with devastating effects. Anorexia is the most common gastrointestinal symptom. Nausea and vomiting and diarrhea are less common, Common symptoms include fever, cough, and respiratory symptoms. The virus is transmitted through aerosols, contact with infected people and surfaces , and the virus is found in the urine and feces of infected people has been. A significant decrease in the total number of lymphocytes indicates that the coronavirus consumes many immune cells and inhibits the function of the body's cellular immune system. Damage to T lymphocytes is an important factor in exacerbating the disease. Receptor binding expressed by host cells is the first stage of viral infection, followed by fusion with the cell membrane. It is argued that lung epithelial cells are the main target of the virus. Human-to-human transmission of COV-SARS has been reported to occur by binding between the receptor-binding domain of the Virus spike and the cell receptor, which occurs as the angiotensin 2 (ACE2) receptor conversion enzyme. Most importantly, the receptor-binding domain sequence of 19-COVID spikes is similar to COV-SARS. These data suggest that entry into host cells is most likely via the ACE2 receptor. The mortality rate is directly related to diabetes, obesity, smoking, old age, chronic heart disease, kidney transplantation, kidney failure, liver cirrhosis and chronic lung disease, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. These people are more susceptible to the coronavirus due to a weakened immune system. People with diabetes are at risk for infections, especially the flu and With good glycemic control, this risk, although not completely eliminated, is reduced. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs in 40% of obese people, which is associated with systemic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart disease caused by the lungs. Patients with renal insufficiency due to excessive ururia, neutrophil dysfunction, malnutrition, trace elements deficiency, overdose Iron deficiency, impaired glucose metabolism, hyperparathyroidism, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs to treat and control major diseases lead to increased mortality from infections. Some patients with COVID-19 develop severe pneumonia, pneumonia, ARDS, or multiple organ failure. Lymphocyte counts decreased in most patients in COVID-19, indicating that the disease mainly affects lymphocytes, especially T lymphocytes such as SARS. The virus particles, which spread through the respiratory mucosa and infect other cells, induce cytokinin storms in the body, trigger a series of immune responses, and They cause changes in peripheral white blood cells and immune cells such as lymphocytes. Some patients progress rapidly to ARDS and septic shock, which is eventually associated with multiple organ failure. When the virus multiplies in lung tissue, it causes alveolar proliferation and interstitial inflammatory exudation, edema, and the formation of clear membranes. As a result, differences in alveolar gas exchange cause hypoxia in the CNC, increasing anaerobic metabolism in the mitochondria of brain cells. Acid accumulation can cause dilation of cerebral arteries, swelling of brain cells, interstitial inflammation, obstruction of cerebral blood flow, and Even headache caused by ischemia and cramps, If hypoxia goes unnoticed, cerebral edema and circulatory disorders may worsen dramatically. With intracerebral hypertension, the brain gradually deteriorates, and drowsiness, onion conjunctivitis, and even coma are observed. In addition, in patients at particular risk for brain disease, hypoxia may lead to acute brain disease such as acute ischemic stroke. Patients with 19-COVID often suffer from severe hypoxia.
Results: Hypoxemia damage may cause further damage to the nervous system. Nervous system damage from a viral infection may be mediated by the body's nervous system. The pathology of severe viral infections is closely related to the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). SIRS can start abnormally in pneumonia due to coronavirus infection, while early anti-inflammatory intervention effectively prevents immune system damage and reduces the risk of damage to the nervous system.
Conclusion: In some patients, sputum fills the lungs in the form of a jelly-like substance, which makes it difficult for the patient to breathe due to the accumulation of these substances in the lungs, and they need artificial respiration. Therefore, early detection and hydration are of particular importance.
Keywords: coronavirus, COVID-19, SIRS, hypoxia, nervous system, apnea ,diabetes,