Introduction: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space. EVs contain of lipids, nucleic acids, microRNAs (miRs), and proteins—specifically proteins associated with the plasma membrane, cytosol, and those involved in lipid metabolism. For therapeutic purposes of EVs, we must define intrinsic characteristics such as circulation kinetics, targeting, internalization and intercellular trafficking routs, is needed to fully exploit these features of EVs for therapeutic purposes.
Methods: Although EVs play an important role in intracellular communication, we still do not have much information about the regulation of cardiomyocyte’s EVs. According to previous research a large number of deaths are due to cardiovascular disease and cancer. Also recent studies indicated EVs are involved in many physiological and pathological cardiovascular processes including: the regulation of angiogenesis, blood pressure and cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, EVs possess numerous advantageous features as drug delivery vehicles that may help them to perform better than synthetic drug carriers. Notably, EVs have an intrinsic ability to cross tissue and cellular barriers. EVs have been successfully utilized as a drug delivery system in preclinical settings.
Results: The advantage of using EV over cell therapy is that depending on their source may be less immunogenic than their parental cells likely due to lower abundance of transmembrane protein such as MHC complexes on their surface. Unlike living cells, they have a long term of life and can carry and store cargo for a long time. Compared with free formulation of drugs, EV-mediated delivery indicates enhanced capacity to penetrate through tumor blood vessels and across biological barriers to accumulate at tumor sites, which greatly improve their therapeutic efficacy. This review provides an overview of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a focus on the potential of EVs to enhance their therapeutic application.
Conclusion: Finally EVs do not proliferate after injection, so EVs have a lower risk of developing tumors and transmitting latent viral pathogens.