Introduction: Genomics is a new science whichstudies allgenes in an organism, structure ofgenes, and the interaction of geneswith each other and the organismenvironment. Adrances in molecular bilology ln recent decadehas helped researchers flgure out the complexgenetic changes, transcription, translation of human cancers.These molecular changes are the basis of efficient and growing techniques of cancer detection, which require microscopic is one of these new diagnostic technologies discovered in recent years for facilitating the genome imestigation and proteome of cancerous cells.Review studies of structural, comparative and functicnal genomics prepares the ground for a detailed and better image of genome structure and performance . Today, more efficient methods are avaible to help researchers investigate and confirm, mRNA and protein transcript.Genomics is applicable for finding new drugs, new genes, non-coding DNA, gene projects, identification of repetitive sequence, and mutations.
Methods: Numerous technologies have been used to detect cancer markers, classify them, and apply them to clinical applications. Laser microscopic cutting is one of the first group of these technologies. This method makes it possible to accurately separate tumor cells, stromal cells, and healthy cells from a biopsy specimen. Optimal examination of isolated microscopic specimens allows accurate separation of events within and between each of these tissue subunits. The use of these methods in patient specimens has made it possible to explain genomic changes, gene expression events and gene expression differences, activation and marking of different proteins in tumor specimens. Non-cancerous occurs in the relevant groups. The development and application of these technologies in clinical trials has promised advances in early detection of cancer, prevention, and specific tumor treatments. By increasing researchers' understanding of specific changes in the expression of genes and protein signaling pathways, it is possible to change the basis of treatment from pathohistopathology to specific treatment of deregulated molecules due to host tumor interaction. Of course, it can not be said that these methods are a complete replacement for conventional methods in the treatment of diseases. Genomic and proteomic advances in guiding researchers will help select the best treatment for each patient.
All genomics techniques are involved in identifying unknown targets in the tumor genome and proteome. Identifying specific changes in tumor DNA, RNA, and proteins requires knowing what is happening in and around the tumor. In the past, researchers' ability to pinpoint the exact location of these changes was impaired due to the weakness in isolating specific cell types from the pathology specimen. Cell-scraping, purification with a hybrid column, culture of immortal cells in the culture medium of cell culture and manual dissection of tissues. All of these methods are used, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Although these techniques have led researchers to develop pure cell lines to evaluate intracellular currents, some of the information that determines the phenotype of a particular tumor type. Will be lost; For example, the environment around a cancerous tumor includes not only malignant epithelial components, but also the surrounding stroma and surrounding healthy tissue. These microscopic components, using receptors, cell junctions, intracellular and intracellular signal molecules, allow tumor cells to communicate with their surroundings and also play an active role in controlling or promoting them. Removal of some of these components for culturing cells in vitro disrupts cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which may affect tumor behavior, resulting in a misconception of the structure and physiology of the tumor in the living cell medium. .
Using genomics technology, it is possible to evaluate thousands of genes simultaneously by amplifying RNA using fluorescent signals and then applying these transcripts to array plates that contain large amounts of oligonucleotides or cDNAs.
The presence of a fluorescence marker indicates the presence and size of a pure cDNA transcript in the study population. Differences in gene expression are recorded and gene expression patterns are calculated using several microarrays simultaneously and by comparative bioinformatics software.
The information obtained from the study of the tumor genome and its transcripts leads to advances in the discovery of new genes and cancer detection methods. Tissue microarrays are one of the new technologies that have recently become available in recent years to facilitate the study of the genome and proteome of cancer cells. Tissue microarrays are essentially useful tools for the rapid and convenient analysis of a large number of paraffin-coated tissues belonging to a variety of tumors. The application of this technology allows the use of the same probe and brings the standard of interpretation of the results closer to the standard. This tool facilitates the analysis of the expression of several genes and their amplification in a tumor or a region of the tumor by a standard method.
Microarray findings in breast cancer research address two main issues; First, individual tumors originating from one organ may be classified into different groups based on the pattern of gene expression, independent of stage and stage of progression. Second, biological findings from such classifications can be used for diagnosis. Studies have shown that microarray technology makes it possible to study tumor behavior in living tissue and to evaluate the method of diagnosis and drug resistance. Examining the expression of thousands of genes shows that there are many differences between tumors that originate from a single organ. Although DNA microarray technology in gene expression analysis has not made progress in the clinical treatment of breast cancer patients, it does provide information on the pathways and molecular mechanisms in biological activity.
Results: Low molecular weight proteins are present in the serum sample. Then they have done it with powerful and new bioinformatics tools to classify cancer and non-cancer in the relevant groups. In recent years, dramatic advances have been made in various microscopic techniques such as light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and methods based on the use of antibodies to diagnose and test different types of cancer. These kinds of technological advances have been in the early detection and treatment of a number of cancers, such as malignant cervical cancer. In machine cancers, such as molecular techniques such as PCR and hybridization, products have been developed to find subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPR) dangerous in cervical cancer. Be.
Ornstein et al. Tested the effect of the tumor environment on its proteome and isolated the prostate tumor from prostate specimens using LCM optillium and stromaline. Recent information on protein obtained by two-dimensional electrophoresis of cell extract samples Isolated, isolated whole extract, and immortalized cell lines belonging to the same patient were performed together. Further comparisons were made using uterine data from two existing prostate cancer cell lines. Their findings are very important. First, the stromal and epithelial compounds of the tumor were located in half of the common protein. Second, the proteins that expressed differently in healthy and malignant tissue were located exclusively in the epithelial region. Third, quality microscopic secretion. They did not alter the protein. They also found that protein properties were tested in the living and environmental environment, and that only 25% of the total protein and other key LCMs play a role in specific genomic features in helping me compare DNA, RNA, and protein I walls. It reveals its texture and function in healthy and neoplastic tissues.
Conclusion: Due to the increasing cost of sequencing and genome testing, increasing the efficiency of existing methods, advances in chemistry, and the arrival of new generations of sequencing, patients who come to medical facilities are likely to bring their gene sequencing with them in the future. However, this is not a overnight revolutionary trend, as phenotype predictions based on genotypic findings are still severely constrained, and there is still a long way to go before genomic technologies of good quality and low cost emerge.
Current and emerging technologies in reproductive biology, including assisted reproductive technology and animal cloning, discuss the impact of genomic biology. The discussion focuses on the glands associated with the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, placental development, lactation, and neonatal survival. Various aspects of uterine biology, including neonatal development and function in adult females, are discussed with respect to reproductive efficiency. It is clear that combining strategies for using conventional animal models to study the reproductive system with new genomic technologies provides exceptional opportunities in discovery research involving data integration and the use of functional genomics for the benefit of animal husbandry and the medical community. New emerging biotechnology and adaptive and genomic methods will greatly enhance our understanding of genes that are critical to the development of the reproductive system and key events at each stage of the reproductive cycle in both men and women.
Keywords: Genomics, Early Detection, Cancer, Reproductive organ,Dvary,Endometrium