Detection of salivary biomarkers 2D-carbon biosensors
Detection of salivary biomarkers 2D-carbon biosensors
Fereshteh Gholami,1Amin Hajhosseini,2Fatemeh Fathi Tadavani,3Maryam Mosallanejad,4Seyyed Ebrahim Moosavifard,5,*
1. Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 2. Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 3. Student Research Committee, Jahrom university of medical sciences, Jahrom, Iran 4. Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran 5. Seyyed Ebrahim Moosavifard, Department of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
Introduction: The secretion of natural fluids in various parts of the body, including saliva, helps to examine and identify specific analytes. Saliva is a mucosal substance that contains mucin, amylase and various ions that have been used as an important diagnostic material in recent years due to easy access and cost-effectiveness, different analytes, non-invasiveness, high water content and rapid sampling capability. Due to these features, saliva sampling is an easy and safe process and allows continuous control and sampling. The manufacture and design of carbon-based biosensors for detecting salivary biomarkers will lead to the diagnosis and prevention of various diseases and improve the health of individuals. Biosensors are a type of chemical sensor that can convert chemical information into a signal by colliding with biological materials. The use of carbon material in the design of biosensors has been considered for many years. Graphene as one of the most attractive 2D carbon material has special and unique properties, and It has high electrical and fluorescence properties and is therefore one of the most widely used and valuable nanomaterials in the field of biosensors. The aim of this study was to investigate different types of 2D carbon-based biosensors to identify salivary biomarkers.
Methods: In the forthcoming systematic study, the required data were collected using 5 keywords including saliva, biomarkers, 2D carbon, graphene as well as biosensors and citing valid databases such as: Scopus , PubMed, Google Scholar and ProQuest. The statistical population of the study includes all studies conducted up to 2021 in the field of carbon-based biosensors for salivary biomarker detection. After reviewing the relevant findings and evaluating the data quality, a total of 20 articles were analyzed.
Results: In this systematic review, various types of salivary biomarkers of 2D-carbon biosensors have been introduced. The first biosensor is based on a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and is supplemented with zirconia. This biosensor is used to detect the amount of CYFRA-21-1 in saliva. It can be also used to diagnose cervical cancer. In the next biosensor, the signals are amplified using poly-HRP-streptavidin compounds. Double-walled carbon nanotubes are used to make this type of biomarker. In this procedure, p-aminobenzoic acid is used to identify tumors such as necrosis tumor α and Interleukin 1 β those in spiked serum and saliva. The next biosensor is a graphene-based non-enzymatic ammetric sensor that is used to determine the concentration of glucose in saliva. In the next sensor, a neural sensor was designed to measure the DJ-1 protein using multiwalled carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and composites. The cover of this sensor is made of polyethylene terephthalate. The amount of this protein in saliva and cerebrospinal fluid is very important. This sensor can be used in diseases such as Parkinson's.
Conclusion: In this review study, we examined 2D carbon-based biosensors. The use of salivary biomarkers detection is a cost-effective, non-invasive and accessible way to control health and prevent and diagnose various diseases. For example, an amp sensor that detects glucose concentration is non-enzymatic and is a fast and effective way to detect glucose levels. Despite the high advantages of saliva compared to other secretions, the possibility of changes in saliva composition and lower concentration of its analytes compared to some secretions is one of the disadvantages of saliva. Therefore, the development of research related to graphene-based salivary sensors will greatly contribute to the further development of this field and the elimination of the defects and shortcomings of these sensors.