Introduction: One of the most important ways to prevent diseases is making and using vaccines. Vaccines contain information that is necessary for the body to build protective cells. In general, a vaccine is a biological substance designed to protect humans against infection caused by bacteria and viruses. Vaccines train the body's defense army to deal with strong pathogens.
Methods: This information has been collected by searching the internet and biomedical sites and reviewing various articles in this field and is presented in the form of a review article.
Results: In 1796, Edward Jenner invented a way to treat cow pox, in which the liquid in another blister was extracted and inoculated into another skin, this method is called hand inoculation. Vaccines are also called immunogenic because they use the power of the body's immune system to prevent infectious diseases.
Common ingredients in making vaccines are antigen: an active component. Preservatives: To prevent contamination of the vaccine. Stabilizers: To prevent chemical reactions in the vaccine. Surfactants: to mix the ingredients in the vaccine and prevent it from settling. Residues: are substances that are added during vaccine production and are not effective in the complete vaccine. Diluent: It is used immediately before the vaccine to dilute the vaccine. Adjuvants: These substances keep the vaccine at the injection site to improve the immune response.
One of the methods of making vaccines is live, weakened viruses: in this method, which is the most effective, live but weakened viruses are used. Like the corona vaccine. Inactive: In this method, killed viruses are used to produce vaccines. such as inactivated polio vaccine. Subunit: In this method, a part of the virus, such as the outer layer, is used to make a vaccine. Like hepatitis B vaccine. Conjugate: The purpose of producing this vaccine is to deal with bacterial pathogens that cannot be detected by the immune system, including T lymphocytes. Example, HIB vaccine. Toxoid: This vaccine uses inactive poison for immune response and possible elimination of diseases and contains inactive or killed poisons. Such as pertussis and diphtheria vaccine for children DTAP and adults TDAP.
Conclusion: We found that vaccines are one of the most important prevention factors and prepare the body for strong pathogens. These materials contain important information about viruses. Vaccines save about 3 million lives every year. And we also learned about the way and method of making vaccines.