Treatment of oral cancer using mechanical and biochemical methods
Treatment of oral cancer using mechanical and biochemical methods
Amin Javanbakht,1Yasmin Givian,2Iman Amanizade,3Sepehr Fatahi,4Abed Ebrahimi,5,*
1. Student Research Committee, Abadan University Of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran 2. Student Research Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Student Research Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4. Student Research Committee, Semnan University Of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran 5. Department Of Operating Room, School Of Allied Medical Sciences Bushehr University Of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most important types of cancer, and under the name of oral cancer, tumors of the tongue, lips, mouth, and oropharynx are classified. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90% of oral cancer. Recurrent periods and emergence of drug resistance are the main challenges in the treatment of oral cancer. For this reason, the existence of improved therapeutic candidates that go beyond these issues is essential. The key elements in the pathological and physiological processes of various cancers are coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These key elements are also reflected in the progression and development of oral cancer.
Methods: In the forthcoming systematic review, the required data were collected using keywords and citing valid databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and ProQuest. The statistical population includes all studies conducted until 2022 in the field of Treatment of oral cancer using mechanical and biochemical methods. After reviewing the relevant findings and evaluating the quality of the data, 17 articles were analyzed.
Results: Based on the size, nRNAs are divided into two main categories, small ncRNA and IncRNA. The role of ncRNAs in oral cancer has been proven. The main classes of small ncRNAs: microRNAs (miRNAs), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), as well as small nuclear RNAs (snoRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and repeat-associated RNAs (rasiRNAs). MiRNAs may take part in tumorigenesis by functioning either as oncogenes or as tumor suppressors. Since they are involved in basically all biological processes, aberrant miRNA expression can trigger the initiation of many diseases, including cancer. In oral cancer, as well as in other cancer types, miRNAs take part in cancer hallmarks. A large number of miRNAs have been introduced as key participants in tumorigenesis, acting either as oncogenes (oncomiRs) or tumor suppressors. Among them, miR-21 plays a pivotal role as an oncomiR by participating in apoptosis and cell proliferation. miR-21 has been found to be deregulated in various tumor types. There is another miRNA with an oncogenic role, miR-184, which is overexpressed in TSCC. miR-184 can act as a cell proliferation and anti-apoptotic agent by changing the expression of c-Myc. According to another research, this transcript shows lower levels in tumor cells compared to normal mucosa for the same type of tumor. In normal cells, compared to poorly differentiated cancer cells, the expression of these miRNAs is higher. This shows the close relationship between cell differentiation and miRNA expression.
Conclusion: The altered expression of ncRNAs was related to regulating key cellular processes. In order to develop more effective treatments, a better understanding of these molecular mechanisms regulated by ncRNAs, as well as how to control the phenotype of oral cancer and its relationship with environmental factors, can be based. Each of the different miRNAs, with their palette of target genes, act in various signaling pathways that maintain oral cancer symptoms such as sustained proliferation, apoptosis escape, autonomous growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. This is why microRNAs are usually introduced as the best candidates for the development of new cancer treatments. MicroRNAs are pivotal regulators of diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, survival, motility, and morphogenesis. Recent advances in microRNA expression profiling have led to a better understanding of OSCC pathogenesis. This information is used to identify microRNA expression patterns that are likely to become powerful biomarkers called OCC.