Introduction: One of the most common neurodegenerative diseases is Parkinson's disease (PD). The second most common after Alzheimer's disease.
because of a loss of nerve cells in the substantia nigra (SN), which is part of the basal ganglia in the brain. SN plays an important role in control motor-like movements and how it influences your brain's chemistry.Loss of nerve cells in SN causes no release of dopamine or very little release, which leads to a disorder. Thus A way to increase dopamine to renewance of dopaminergic cells. The method that makes this possible is cell replacement strategy.Stem cells can divide and differentiate into different cells with unique specializations. stem cells have two main sources:adult body tissues and embryos.
Methods: There are four sources of stem cells for DA production: embryonic stem cells from fertilized eggs, neural stem cells from the embryonic or adult brain, or stem cells in other tissues.
There are two methods for transplanting stem cells in PD patients:
In the first method, stem cells are differentiated into dopamine-producing nerve cells in laboratory conditions. As a result, we will have an unlimited number of dochumenseric cells. In the second method, substitute stem cells or progenitor cells are introduced into the body and differentiation takes place there, which, after implantation in, striatum or substantia nigra nigra differentiates into a dopamenseric cell.
In relation to the movement of stem cells through the blood-brain barrier, the cells are mainly administered intravenously, which can cross the blood-brain barrier. Although Mesenchymal stem cells can cross the blood-brain barrier when they are administered through an administered IV.
However, the treatment of neurological diseases is difficult due to the presence of the brain barrier.
Results: Today, there is no useful cell therapy for the treatment of PD, but the most important scientific result of clinical trials with human fetal mesenchymal tissue transplantation is that cell therapy can be helpful and effective in the treatment of PD. Low availability and occurrence of dyskinesia.
Also, during the last two decades, rapid and significant progress has been made in this direction. when the first human embryonic mesencephalic tissue was transplanted to the striatum in these patients, it was possible to detect the absence of transplanted neurons and increase the ability to survive. They have the ability to work in the brain of a fifty-sixty year old person who is affected by a chronic disease. The treatment of this disorder has been obtained through clinical trials that have been carried out since then, and evidence has been obtained that shows that these transplanted dopamine have the ability to innervate the striatum and release dopamine. The effects of transplantation can last for at least ten years. which provides the possibility to quit the drug, however, the degeneration of dopamine neurons of the patient continues.No data have shown that the disease process compromises graft survival.
Conclusion: All existing treatment methods related to tuberculosis therapy are still in the developmental stage from a clinical point of view and should only be performed in small groups of patients.
Stem cell transplant methods that have been performed so far have not provided any clinical benefit to patient groups that cannot be achieved with other Parkinson's treatments.
However, cell therapy has a potential advantage, and that is, to replace certain neurons that have died or been damaged, so that the release of dopamine restores functional synapses at denervated sites in the striatum, which in the best case is the nigrostriatal system. To rebuild That we can achieve the science of how to produce the number of dopamine neurons in a large number of stem cells and how to implant them and also direct their growth, which causes the restoration of the dopamine system. There is hope that In the future, we will be able to provide patients with effective cell-based treatments that will restore the brain's function in Parkinson's patients.