Introduction: Adipose tissue MSCs, or mesenchymal stem cells, have been found to be highly effective in promoting bone regeneration. In recent years, a growing body of research has suggested that the therapeutic action of MSCs may be mediated by the secretion of small vesicles, known as exosomes. Exosomes are nanoscale lipid bilayer vesicles that transfer bioactive molecules, including proteins, RNAs, and lipids, between cells. They have been found to play diverse roles in intercellular communication, such as in immune regulation and tumor metastasis. Studies have shown that exosomes released by adipose tissue MSCs (AT-MSCs) have potent effects on bone regeneration and may represent a new therapeutic approach for various bone disorders. One recent study published in the Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine investigated the effects of AT-MSCs derived exosomes on bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. The findings showed that AT-MSCs derived exosomes significantly enhanced the osteogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells, as evidenced by increased cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition. Furthermore, the exosomes also promoted bone regeneration in a rat model of femoral fracture, as assessed by micro-CT analysis and histological staining. Another study published in Stem Cell Research & Therapy demonstrated the therapeutic potential of AT-MSCs derived exosomes for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), a devastating disease that often leads to joint destruction and disability. The researchers found that treatment with AT-MSCs derived exosomes significantly improved the survival of osteocytes and the repair of the femoral head in a rabbit model of ONFH. The exosomes also reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and enhanced the expression of growth factors in the affected tissues. Overall, these studies suggest that AT-MSCs derived exosomes represent a promising strategy for bone regeneration and may have clinical applications in the treatment of various bone disorders. However, further research is needed to optimize the isolation and characterization of exosomes, as well as to elucidate the mechanism of action and safety profile of exosome-based therapies. With the ongoing development of exosome-based technologies, it is expected that these tiny vesicles will continue to attract increasing attention in the field of regenerative medicine.
Methods: All data is based on recent published articles on PubMed, Google Scholar, and The Life Sciences Journal.
Results: Based on scientific researches, there is mounting evidence that adipose tissue-derived exosomes can enhance bone regeneration. These exosomes contain various functional molecules, such as growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, and proteins, which modulate cellular processes and regulate the immune response. Studies have shown that adipose tissue-derived exosomes can stimulate osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory responses, which promote bone healing and regeneration.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this review will provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential of adipose tissue MSCs derived exosomes for bone regeneration. The results of this study will be of great importance for developing novel tissue engineering strategies for bone healing and repair.