مقالات پذیرفته شده در هفتمین کنگره بین المللی زیست پزشکی
Leishmaniasis treatment with nanotechnology
Leishmaniasis treatment with nanotechnology
Soroush Partovi Moghaddam,1Ashkan Hajjafari,2Soheil Sadr,3Mansour Bayat,4,*
1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 4. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: In 98 countries, leishmaniasis is endemic, putting 350 million people at risk such as Africa, Asia, Southern Europe, and Central and South America. In brief, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are two major manifestations of a complex of parasitic diseases. A majority of chemotherapy consists of pentavalent liposomes of amphotericin B, antimonials, and miltefosine. In the face of several limitations, the effectiveness of the current antileishmanial agents has remained inadequate for treating leishmaniasis, Including toxicity, low efficacy, negative side effects, lengths of treatment, drug resistance, and the cost of treatment. By optimizing the metabolism, adsorption, distribution, and excretion of existing drugs using nanotechnology, we can improve leishmaniasis treatment through improved drug delivery systems, as well as reducing their toxicity. An overview of nanotechnology-based antileishmanial drug delivery systems will be presented in this review.
Methods: In the years 2000 to 2020, it has been possible to retrieve published research data from several universally recognized databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, by means of several universally recognized databases. Downloading and retrieving published literature on nanotechnology in leishmaniasis treatment was the search strategy. In this study, keywords such as "nanomedicine in leishmaniasis treatment," "nanoparticle-based therapies for leishmaniasis," "nanoparticle drug delivery for leishmaniasis "nanotechnology against Leishmania parasites," and "nanoscale treatments for leishmaniasis infection" were used. The number of studies found was 10,000. Nine thousand studies were excluded based on abstracts, and 300 were read in full. The study included 50 relevant articles. With the advancement of nanotechnology, several innovative treatments and drug delivery systems have been developed to combat leishmaniasis.
Results: Anti-leishmanial agents can be delivered intracellularly using the Nanocarrier in macrophages located in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow of mice, allowing them to concentrate locally at parasites, resulting in lower, more effective doses, improved treatment outcomes, and reduced toxicity. Furthermore, they have been designed to ensure the drug release profile remains constant so that the parasite is continually exposed to the drug. Additionally, nanocarriers can be used for drug delivery via more patient-friendly routes (oral, nasal, topical) as well as for preventing degradation of the active substance in vivo. Water solubility is a problem with many molecules approved for development as antileishmanial drugs. Over the past decade, several interesting nanoparticle-based biosensors have been developed for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of leishmaniasis (e.g., silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, QDs, etc.). In addition, researchers have explored nanocarriers (e.g., PLGA and CS nanoparticles, SLNs, liposomes inorganic nanocarriers, etc.). The combination of reverse vaccinology and proteomics can be used to develop multi-epitope peptides (Induce cellular immunity by binding to the major histocompatibility complexes I and II molecules). Major histocompatibility complex-affinity antigens will be delivered with adjuvanted nanocarriers.
Conclusion: In addition to being more sensitive, specific, and reproducible, nanotechnology-based bioassays have also been shown to be more effective. The prophylactic and therapeutic use of numerous nanocarriers for a wide range of diseases has also demonstrated promising results in vivo. The results indicate that although nanoformulations could be used for the topical treatment of CL, only a very limited number have actually reached the stage of clinical development despite promising observations. Consequently, the development of nanoformulations based on this principle will require the collaboration of chemists, pharmaceutical scientists, biologists, engineers, experts in vaccinations, and bioinformatics professionals.