مقالات پذیرفته شده در هفتمین کنگره بین المللی زیست پزشکی
Ebola Virus Disease: A narrative review
Ebola Virus Disease: A narrative review
Arash Letafati,1,*Omid Salahi Ardekani,2Hassan Karami,3Mina Soleimani,4
1. Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2. Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 3. Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Introduction: The Ebola virus (EBOV) belongs to the family Filoviridae, which is a group of single-stranded RNA viruses that can lead to severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates. Six species of EBOV have been identified, including Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Bombali virus. In 1976, the disease emerged in two simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Subsequently, it has caused intermittent outbreaks in several African nations. The West Africa Ebola outbreak between 2014 and 2016 was the largest, resulting in numerous cases and fatalities. The outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa in 2014-2016 emphasized the need for effective control and prevention measures.
Methods: A thorough search of the existing literature was carried out to collect pertinent articles related to EVD. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were systematically explored using relevant keywords. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies that specifically examined different facets of EVD.
Results: Since 1976, the African continent has been confronted with a series of Ebola outbreaks, marking significant challenges in public health and necessitating urgent attention. The EBOV belongs to the Filoviridae family which comprises of filamentous and enveloped viruses with a single-stranded and negative-sense RNA genome. This virus is an infectious zoonotic pathogen characterized by its ability to quickly transmit between humans and non-human primates. This viral pathogen exhibits a wide range of cellular tropism, meaning it has the capacity to infect and replicate within various types of cells throughout the body however, the early targets appear to be immune cells. Ebola virus is primarily found in animal reservoirs, and several species of animals have been recognized as potential hosts. The natural reservoir of the virus is believed to be fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family. This virus is transmitted through direct contact with the body fluids of infected animals or humans (e.g., blood, saliva, sweat, urine, feces, vomit, breast milk, semen, or other secretions). There are several modes of transmission of the EBOV, and understanding them is crucial to mitigate the virus spread. EVD is distinguished by symptoms such as fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, and hemorrhage however the severity of the disease is influenced by various factors, including the strain of the virus, the viral load, and the individual's immune response. Generally, there are three main methods used to diagnose EVD (I) serological tests (II) molecular tests and (III) Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). It is important to note that, Ebola not only affects physical health but also has psychological consequences, leading to emotional distress and long-lasting effects on survivors, families, and communities. Addressing the emotional impact requires a comprehensive approach, including psychological support and training for healthcare workers. While EVD presents significant challenges on its own, co-infection with other pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria, and GB virus c (GBV-C) can further complicate diagnosis and treatment. Despite advancements and the identification of new treatments for EVD, the primary approach to treatment continues to be centered around providing supportive care. Early detection and supportive care can enhance the likelihood of survival. This includes intravenous fluids, electrolyte replacement, and treatment of secondary infections. Experimental therapies, for instance, monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs, have shown promising results in animal studies and some clinical trials. Some African countries have incorporated the utilization of vaccines created for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD); however, ongoing research is being conducted to assess their efficacy and long-term safety.
Conclusion: In conclusion, EBOV infection is a serious public health concern with devastating consequences. Early detection and treatment are essential to ensure that the virus does not spread and that affected individuals have the best chance of making a full recovery. It is also important to remember that the virus is preventable through proper hygiene and sanitation measures. With the right precautions, widespread outbreaks can be avoided.