• Human papilloma virus and cervical cancer review article
  • Armita Bayramzadeh,1 Saman Hakimian,2,*
    1. M.sc student of Chemical Engineering Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch ,Iran , Tehran
    2. M.sc student of Microbiology Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch ,Iran , Tehran


  • Introduction: Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death during the last few decades. Despite the advancement of early diagnosis and treatments, a number of new cancer cases and cancer-related deaths are predicted to increase worldwide with the aging population. HPVs representing the most common sexually transmitted disease are a group of carcinogenic viruses with diffrent oncogenic potential. Vaginal microbiome represent the modifiable and important risk factor in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. HPV infection significantly increases vaginal microbiome diversity and induces local inflammation, leading to gradual increases in the abundance of anaerobic bacteria and consequently the severity of cervical dysplasia. Anaerobic bacteria produce pro-inflammatory mediators and induce oxidative stress with subsequent epigenetic alterations resulting in formation of tumor microenvironment. Delineation of the exact composition of the vaginal microbiome, epigenetic state of cervical epithelium and immune environment before HPV acquisition, during persistent/progressive infections and after clearance, provides insights into the complex mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis. It gives hints regarding the prediction of malignant potential.
  • Methods: Relative high HPV prevalence in the general population is a challenge for modern and personalized diagnostics and therapeutic guidelines. Identifying the dominant microbial as well as epigenetic and immune response biomarkers of high-grade and low-grade dysplasia could help us to triage the patients with marked chances of lesion regression or progression. Any unnecessary surgical treatment of cervical dysplasia could negatively affect obstetrical outcomes and sexual life. Therefore, understanding the effect and role of microbiome-based therapies is a breaking point in the conservative management of HPV-associated precancerous lesions. Sequentially, the immune response and epigenetic rearrangement of cervical epithelium could help to control the therapy outcome. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of local microbial environment and associated risk factors constitutes the critical background for preventive, predictive, and personalized medicine that is essential for improving state-of-the-art medical care in patients with cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer.
  • Results: Although the microbiota has largely been associated with the pathogenesis of viral infections, most studies using omics techniques are correlational and hypothesis-generating. The mechanisms affecting the immune responses to viral infections are still being fully understood. Here we focus on the two most important sexually transmitted persistent viruses, HPV and HIV.
  • Conclusion: Human microbiome study has become pivotal during the last years; eubiosis, pathobiosis, and balanced ecosystem are now leading terms in comprehension of Health and Disease in humans.Increasing interest in human microbiome has recently been focused on “eubiosis”: symbiotic balance between human cells, lactobacilli and other species of bacteria, fungi or virus
  • Keywords: Hpv Human papilloma virus papilloma virus probiotics