mohadeseh masoumi,1saman hakimian,2,*
2. M.sc student of Microbiology Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch,Iran,Tehran
Introduction: Introduction:
gonorrhea is the second most common sexually transmitted infection of bacterial origin . the disease was initially described approximately 3,500 years ago, but it was not until 1879 that Albert Neisser determined the etiologic agent of the disease.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the gonococcus) is a Gram-negative diplococcus and an obligate human pathogen .Gonococcal infection usually results from the transmission of N. gonorrhoeae through sexual contact. The pathogenetic hallmark of gonococcal infection is a host innate immune-driven inflammatory response, characterized by a potent neutrophil influx.
In females, gonococcal cervicitis may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which may be antecedent to ectopic pregnancy and infertility even among those who are asymptomatic. Infection during pregnancy may cause miscarriage or premature birth and gonococcal conjunctivitis of the newborn. In males, infection may result in urethritis and epididymo-orchitis.If left untreated, gonorrhea in rare cases may cause bacteremia and disseminated infection.For these reasons, mitigating its spread is of critical public health importance. In addition, resistance to some antibiotics, such as azithromycin, is also increasing among gonorrhea cases whereas dual therapy with ceftriaxone and ceftriaxone plus azithromycin has also seen confirmed treatment failures.
Methods: Material methods:
In 2020 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that there were 333,004 new cases of gonorrhea in the United States, with an incidence of 106.1 cases per 100,000 population Worldwide, 106.1 million people are infected by N. gonorrhoeae annually.Currently, a more worrying trend has emerged, in that, there now appears to be an increased risk for HIV infection in patients that are also infected with N. gonorrhoeae.
pathogeni factors of N. gonorrhoeae possesses a wide range of virulence determinants, which include the elaboration of pili, Opa protein expression, lipooligosaccharide expression (LOS), Por protein expression and IgA1 protease production that facilitates adaptation within the host .
Results: Results:
However, a problem exists in the development of any vaccine in that antibodies within normal human serum bind to the gonococcal outer membrane protein Rmp with binding apparently, having important consequences with regard to serum resistance for the organism . The presence of cross-reactive Rmp antibodies also facilitates transmission and women with Rmp antibody titers appear at an increased risk for infection .
Conclusion: Conclusion:
In 2020 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that there were 333,004 new cases of gonorrhea in the United States, with an incidence of 106.1 cases per 100,000 population Worldwide, 106.1 million people are infected by N. gonorrhoeae annually.Currently, a more worrying trend has emerged, in that, there now appears to be an increased risk for HIV infection in patients that are also infected with N. gonorrhoeae.