Plant derived Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and biomedical : engineering, applications and achievements
Plant derived Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and biomedical : engineering, applications and achievements
Mohammad Sadegh Abbasi,1,*Dr. Naser Farrokhi,2Dr. Mahdi Safaeizadeh,3
1. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: Natural plants have attracted increasing attention in biomedical research due to their countless benefits. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), some plant components, are heterogeneous, spherical, or nano-sized cup-like vesicles released by almost all eukaryotes and prokaryotes. cells. EVs are rich in bioactive substances such as metabolites, proteins, lipids, RNAs, miRNAs, mRNAs, and DNA, and can deliver their cargo to recipient cells and play an essential role as extracellular messengers in cellular communication. perform In the field of EVs research, there are five methods that have been used to isolate and purify these vesicles. These methods include ultracentrifuge methods, separation techniques based on exosome size, sedimentation techniques, immunoblotting techniques, in addition to microfluidic techniques. EVs have a phospholipid bilayer decorated with functional molecules and an encapsulated parent matrix, which has attracted interest in the development of designer/hybrid engineered exosome nanocarriers. The structural versatility of EVs allows their original configuration to be modified using various methods, including genetic engineering, chemical methods, physical techniques, and microfluidic technology, to load exosomes with additional cargoes for broad biomedical applications. , correct Exosomes show great potential to overcome the limitations of conventional nanoparticle-based techniques in targeted therapy.
Many studies have shown that the properties of plant-derived nanoparticles are similar to those of mammalian exosomes. Propagation of plant EVs has recently become a topic of interest regarding the possibility of intercellular communication, even between different species. A large body of evidence shows that plant EVs can be absorbed in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and have the potential to mediate plant-animal cell communication. They also hold promise for treating diseases, and their vesicular structure makes them suitable carriers for drug delivery and enables large-scale production. Studies have shown that plant-derived EVs play an important role in tumor suppression. These nanovesicles are effective in cancer treatment by selectively activating tumor cell apoptosis, regulating inflammatory factors, modulating the tumor microenvironment, and providing therapeutic agents. In addition, they can regulate the tumor microenvironment by stimulating the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) towards the M1 phenotype and facilitate the inhibition of cancer cell growth.
Extracellular vesicles have potential importance in gastrointestinal diseases. Studies have shown that EVs can persist in digestive environments because they resist digestion by various enzymes such as intestinal pepsin and pancreatin and have a more therapeutic role.
For example, ginger-derived ELNs (GELNs) alter the composition of the microbiome and have a positive effect on host physiology. EVs isolated from plants such as soybean, ginger, hamilon, grapefruit, tomato, and pear contain micro RNA (miRNA) that can target human transcripts. For example, Zhou et al showed that honeysuckle-derived exosomes contain miR-2911, which can bind to 28 binding sites in the SARS-CoV-2 genome and inhibit virus replication.
EVs can cross various physiological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, through receptor-mediated cell transport and membrane fusion, and act as drug carriers. For example, grapefruit-derived EVs can precisely transport doxorubicin to the tumor site and lead to improved anti-glioma effect.
Research has shown that electric cars also have cardioprotective effects. In one study, Liu et al found that exosomes derived from ginseng root could reduce doxorubicin-induced H9C2 heart damage by protecting mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Also, blueberry-derived EVs (B-ELNs) prevent damage caused by various stressors to the vascular system by regulating the expression of genes induced by TNF-α and reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Therefore, this article briefly states that PEN components including lipids, proteins, genetic material and active small molecules have a high potential in maintaining environmental homeostasis and preventing various diseases. Considering that there are simple techniques for isolation, purification and identification of different PENs, vesicles of natural plant origin can provide a theoretical basis for their development and better use with an important role in the human health industry and beyond.
Methods: literature review
Results: literature review
Conclusion: Since their discovery, plant EVs have shown very good performance in the fields of biological therapy, drug delivery, and crossing biological barriers, and have attracted the attention of more and more experts and researchers, and gradually gained new popularity in the fields of have become different. Although EVs were discovered at an early stage, compared to mammalian and human vesicles, they have not been fully studied, especially in tissue engineering and biomedicine, where they are more at the in vitro research stage. At present, the isolation and purification of EVs is relatively simple, the extraction process is less optimized, and yield and purity are still prerequisites for the realization of clinical development of plant vesicles. Plant vesicles have shown excellent performance in drug delivery, including the delivery of insoluble drugs such as curcumin, DOX, folic acid, and miRNAs, as well as large molecule drugs. Recent evidence suggests that the use of nanoscale particles, such as exosomes, in cancer immunotherapy could pave the way for the development of new cancer vaccines through antigen-presenting cell technologies that prime the immune system to recognize and kill cancer cells. . Combined with nanotechnology, engineered exosomes are becoming a new approach to cancer vaccine development. The biosafety of EVs is superior to other nanoparticles and they are promising nanocarriers for clinical use, making them attractive candidates for cancer vaccine development. For food applications, the phospholipid bilayer of EVs protects the vesicle structure and its contents from the gastrointestinal tract and gastric acid environment, thereby ensuring their stability. EVs can effectively reduce inflammatory bowel disease and customize personalized mixed drinks for patients, which has a special application prospect in food development. In bioengineering, gene editing has become a powerful therapeutic technique, but the lack of safe and effective in vivo delivery systems has limited its widespread clinical application. With the advancement and optimization of gene editing tools, the continued development of exosome-based delivery systems provides an impetus for targeted gene therapy. Despite the success of plant vesicles, developing plant vesicles still faces challenges. More innovations and advances are needed to overcome these challenges and accelerate the clinical translation of plant vesicles.