• Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease and treatment review article
  • Haniye Fayezi,1 Saman Hakimian,2,*
    1. M.sc student of Pathogenic Microbes Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch
    2. M.sc student of Microbiology Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch


  • Introduction: Botulinum toxin type BoNT-A (A) is a strong neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. BoNT-A is used for various therapeutic and cosmetic purposes, including the treatment of muscle disorders, chronic headaches and facial wrinkles. Headache disorders are one of the most common human disorders that most people experience many times during their lifetime. Clinical data and experience to date show that botulinum toxin type A has been used for more than a decade. It is used in the treatment of chronic migraine and results in a reduction in monthly headache attacks. Botulinum toxin acts by interacting with the SNARE complex, which inhibits the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide in controlling pain is effective. In recent years, the use of botulinum toxin BTX-A has been developed to manage various headaches.
  • Methods: OnabotulinumtoxinA is effective not only in headache frequency and pain intensity but also in other parameters including quality of life. Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common It is a type of chronic recurrent headache that occurs twice as often in women as in men.TTH treatment should be multi-level. It often involves taking pain medications, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, using biofeedback therapy, acupuncture, and engaging in behavioral therapy.
  • Results: New types of botulinum toxin selective for nociceptive neurons may be discovered or produced by recombinant DNA techniques in the next decade, and this may greatly increase its therapeutic utility.
  • Conclusion: This summary is related to the evolution of the use of botulinum toxin in the management of headaches in the past few decades and its role in the preventive treatment of chronic migraine and other headache disorders.
  • Keywords: Botulinum toxin, Clostridium botulinum, OnabotulinumtoxinA, BTX-A, Tension type headache,