Introduction: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the understanding of stem cell biology. Stem cells, as cells with multidirectional differentiation and self-renewal abilities, as well as potential clinical applications, have attracted a lot of attention in the field of regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells are rare and undifferentiated cells found in all tissues of the body. Although these cells are usually kept in a stationary and non-dividing state, they can multiply and differentiate and thus play a role in the treatment of diseases, reconstructive surgeries and also the treatment of aging.
Methods: Considering the importance of stem cells in the treatment of diseases using the nascent science of reconstructive medicine in this research, an overview of the characteristics and types of mature stem cells and the results and achievements of modern science in the use of these cells through treatment Various diseases have occurred.
Results: Adult stem cells (ASCs) are undifferentiated cells that have self-renewal and differentiation abilities. They are present in all major organ systems of the body and are uniquely stored there during development for tissue maintenance during homeostasis, injury, and infection. They do this by rapidly modulating the dynamics of proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. The main types of adult stem cells include hematopoietic, mesenchymal, neural, epidermal, skeletal muscle, and liver stem cells. These cells play an important role in repairing and protecting the body, and they also act as cell reserves that are removed from circulation. Normal tissue provides support and can initiate a regenerative response after acute injury. Non-endometrial mature stem cells, such as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, with autologous and allogeneic applications, can repair damaged endometrial tissue in animal models of AS and in human studies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in tissue repair and anti-inflammatory activities and have shown promising therapeutic efficacy in various animal models of neurological disorders. Although the population of stem cells isolated from bone marrow is usually a heterogeneous mixture of different subpopulations, adult stem cell lines cloned from any source also show a wide range of differentiation potential, for example, osteogenesis, myogenesis, neurogenesis or angiogenesis in wound healing. Angiogenesis in particular is a topic in tissue regeneration with tremendous implications in reconstructive surgery. Adult stem cells from adipose tissue (ASCs) show significant promise in the treatment of autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, vascular and metabolic diseases, bone and cartilage regeneration, and wound defects. The regenerative capabilities of ASC cells in vivo are mainly regulated by the secretion of paracrine factors and cell-matrix interactions.
Conclusion: The purpose of this article is to review the types of adult stem cells, their uses and characteristics in the science of reconstructive medicine. Also, the challenges and perspectives of using these cells in reconstructive medicine have been discussed.
Keywords: Regenerative medicine - stem cells - adult stem cells - treatment of diseases