مقالات پذیرفته شده در هشتمین کنگره بین المللی زیست پزشکی
Stem Cells
Stem Cells
Mobina Ashooi,1Haniyeh Amini Fard,2,*
1. Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences 2. Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences
Introduction: aw-bone defects caused by various diseases lead to aesthetic and functional complications, which can seriously afect the life quality of patients. Current treatments cannot fully meet the needs of reconstruction of jaw-bone defects. Thus, the research and application of bone tissue engineering are a “hot topic.” As seed cells for engineering of jaw-bone tissue, oral cavity-derived stem cells have been explored and used widely. Models of jawbone defect are excellent tools for the study of bone defect repair in vivo. Diferent types of bone defect repair require diferent stem cells and bone defect models. This review aimed to better understand the research status of oral and maxillofacial bone regeneration.
Methods: For some patients with end-organ dysfunction, whole organ transplantation is an established treatment option. However, the limited availability of suitable autologous tissues, the risk of immune-mediated rejection, the required chronic immunosuppression treatment, and the possibility of disease transmission, highlight the need of new therapeutic approaches. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies have triggered intense attention due to the potential to develop remedies for damaged, malfunctioning, or injured tissues. Cell-based therapies, in their natural form or modified/engineered for a specific purpose, hold much promise in this regard. Indeed, in light of their multiple sources as well as therapeutic versatility, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as the most appropriate cell source for these applications .As stem cells, they exhibit beneficial characteristics as compared to terminally differentiated cells, including the potential to circumvent immuno-reaction in vitro and in vivo and to differentiate towards a broad range of specific Cells 2020, 2 of 27 cell lineages. MSCs can be isolated from various tissue types including bone marrow, adipose, umbilical cord, peripheral blood, liver, periodontal ligament, lung and many others [8]. However, despite their potential and promise, MSCs face many challenges, such as their variability, scalability and delivery, as well as ethical considerations and safety issues, which challenge their clinical utility. EVs are heterogeneous lipid bilayer-surrounded vesicles secreted by all cell types, not only MSCs, and act as mediators of intercellular communication. EVs are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological biological processes, including modulating immune responses, homeostasis maintenance, coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer progression. According to their size, dimension and origin, they can be classified in many ways, with the preferred terms now being small EVs, medium-sized EVs, and large EVs. There is increasing evidence that many, if not all, of the beneficial effects of MSCs may be attributed to their paracrine action via the release of extracellular vehicles, rather than cellular engraftment and response to the site of injury, suggesting that MSC-EVs can produce any therapeutic benefits of MSCs. Added to their attractiveness, compared to the original MSCs, MSC-EVs cannot self-replicating, preventing safety concerns associated with cell therapy, such as uncontrolled cell division and cellular contamination with tumorigenic cells. Moreover, as MSCs often require invasive procedures in order to be isolated, approaches that only require them to be cultured in vitro and their released product used gives hope for increased scalability and yield per MSC batch, with filtration suggested to be suitable sterilisation because of their small size. Herein, we review current advancements of the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, considering the molecular mechanisms suggested for the MSC-EV action where possible. Cells 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 29 variability, scalability and delivery, as well as ethical considerations and safety issues, which challenge their clinical utility. EVs are heterogeneous lipid bilayer-surrounded vesicles secreted by all cell types, not only MSCs, and act as mediators of intercellular communication. EVs are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological biological processes, including modulating immune responses, homeostasis maintenance, coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer progression. According to their size, dimension and origin, they can be classified in many ways, with the preferred terms now being small EVs, medium-sized EVs, and large EVs. There is increasing evidence that many, if not all, of the beneficial effects of MSCs may be attributed to their paracrine action via the release of extracellular vehicles, rather than cellular engraftment and response to the site of injury suggesting that MSC-EVs can produce any therapeutic benefits of MSCs. Added to their attractiveness, compared to the original MSCs, MSC-EVs cannot self-replicating, preventing safety concerns associated with cell therapy, such as uncontrolled cell division and cellular contamination with tumorigenic cells.
Results: Moreover, as MSCs often require invasive procedures in order to be isolated, approaches that only require them to be cultured in vitro and their released product used gives hope for increased scalability and yield per MSC batch, with filtration suggested to be suitable sterilisation because of their small size. Herein, we review current advancements of the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, considering the molecular mechanisms suggested for the MSC-EV action where possible.
Conclusion: The type of cell and animal model should be selected according to the specifc research purpose and disease type. This review can provide a foundation for the selection of oral cavity-derived stem cells and defect mod els in tissue engineering of the jaw bone.