Introduction: Genetic counseling is a specialized process that began in the 1970s. It aims to prevent coercion and takes into account ethical, cultural, social, political, and racial values. During this process, a genetic counselor helps individuals obtain information about genetic diseases or a predisposition to various genetic disorders. This counseling is particularly beneficial for individuals with a family history of genetic diseases or those concerned about passing on genetic diseases to their children. In this research, we have conducted a review of recent literature on genetic counseling.
Methods: To conduct this study, the Google Scholar database was utilized. Advanced search features were employed to review articles published between 2018 and 2024. The search terms included genetic counseling, goals of genetic counseling, history of genetic counseling, types of genetic counseling methods, ethics in genetic counseling, and applications of genetic counseling.
Results: Genetic counseling plays a crucial role in managing genetic diseases, documenting and evaluating information, and providing support to individuals and families affected by genetic disorders. Given the complexities of genetic conditions, genetic counselors educate individuals about the associated risks and consequences. However, there is a need for global development and integration of this profession to enhance understanding and evolution in this field. Countries like Germany, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom are at the forefront of genetic counseling. This discipline requires expertise in premarital, prenatal, and preconception care, supporting couples' decision-making by focusing on fertility and infertility indicators.
Key topics in this profession include exploring ethical considerations, examining global aspects of genetic counseling, premarital genetic counseling, preconception genetic counseling, and prenatal genetic counseling. Genetic counseling is particularly vital in prenatal care, as it allows prospective parents to evaluate the benefits and challenges of genetic testing while also addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic information. As the field of genetics continues to expand, genetic counseling will play an increasingly important role in promoting individual well-being and public health. Ethical considerations in genetic counseling include respecting autonomy, providing comprehensive information, promoting beneficence and non-maleficence, and ensuring equitable distribution of services. Counselors should empower clients to make informed decisions and cope with potential emotional distress. The ultimate goal of genetic counseling is to prevent hereditary diseases through positive attitudes and comprehensive knowledge. This approach aims to reduce anxiety and stress while disseminating valuable information within communities
Conclusion: In essence, genetic counseling is an indispensable component of modern healthcare, guiding individuals and families through genetic disorders and hereditary conditions. While some nations have excelled in providing robust genetic counseling services, others grapple with challenges due to limited resources and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. To ensure equitable access, sustained efforts must focus on enhancing education, promoting awareness, and fostering international collaboration. Advancements in genetic counseling infrastructure, novel testing methodologies, and improved communication between counselors and families offer hope for a healthier and more genetically informed society.