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The Effects of Cannabis on Human Memory: A Neuroengineering Perspective
The Effects of Cannabis on Human Memory: A Neuroengineering Perspective
Arian Baymani,1Maryam Naderi Soorki,2,*Milad Movasaghi,3
1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
Introduction: Cannabis sativa has a long history of use for medicinal and recreational purposes, leading to growing interest in its effects on the brain. The brain's endocannabinoid system, which is critically involved in regulating various cognitive functions, including memory, responds to phytocannabinoids like THC and CBD (cannabidiol). Understanding the implications of cannabis on memory is essential not just for users but also for healthcare providers and policymakers, especially as cannabis becomes increasingly legalized and used more widely.
Memory processes are complex and involve multiple brain regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. The hippocampus is particularly vital for forming new memories, while the prefrontal cortex is crucial for working memory and executive functions. The endocannabinoid system’s modulation of neurotransmitter release significantly affects synaptic plasticity—the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, which is essential for memory processes. By integrating findings from Neuro-engineering, the study aims to elucidate the complex relationship between cannabis consumption and cognitive functions, particularly memory.
Methods: This study was conducted as a review by searching the keywords Memory, Cannabis, and hippocampus in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines. Finally, 120 articles were selected and reviewed.
Results: THC exerts its effects primarily through the activation of CB1 receptors located throughout the central nervous system. When THC binds to these receptors, it can inhibit the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and enhance the release of dopamine, affecting neuronal communication and leading to alterations in cognitive functions. Acute dosing of THC has been linked to impairment in short-term and working memory, often experienced as difficulty in concentration, challenges in forming new memories, and deficits in recalling recent events.
Studies indicate that THC disrupts the encoding of memories by affecting synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. This impairment manifests particularly during cognitive tasks requiring attention and focus, essential components of effective memory retention. Research has shown that users of high doses of cannabis report significant declines in memory performance, which can influence daily functioning and learning.
In contrast to THC, CBD appears to offer neuroprotective effects that may counteract some of the impairments associated with THC use. Research indicates that CBD does not have the intoxicating effects of THC and may help in stabilizing mood, reducing anxiety, and enhancing overall cognitive function.
Recent studies suggest that CBD can mitigate THC-induced memory impairments by acting as an antagonist to some of the effects of THC on the CB1 receptor. By reducing anxiety and potential fear responses linked with memory recall, CBD could allow for improved memory function, particularly in chronic cannabis users who may experience heightened anxiety levels during recollection tasks.
The long-term impact of cannabis on memory remains a contentious topic. Some longitudinal studies suggest that prolonged cannabis use, particularly when begun in adolescence, is associated with persistent cognitive deficits, including memory impairments. The extent of these deficits may be influenced by factors such as the age of onset of use, frequency, and quantity of use, and individual neurobiological and genetic predispositions.
However, the reversibility of these effects after cessation of use also points to the brain's remarkable plasticity. Some findings indicate that individuals may experience improvements in cognitive functions, including memory, following a period of abstinence from cannabis, particularly if they had not engaged in heavy use for extended periods.
Conclusion: The effects of cannabis on memory are multifaceted, influenced by the specific compounds involved, individual differences, and usage patterns. While THC is predominantly associated with impairments in memory and cognitive functions, CBD presents promising protective properties that warrant further investigation. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies aimed at mitigating negative effects and harnessing the therapeutic potential of cannabis compounds.
As research in Neuro-engineering continues to advance, there is an increasing opportunity to explore both the therapeutic uses of cannabis in cognitive impairments and its role in enhancing neuroplasticity. A comprehensive understanding of how cannabis interacts with memory will ultimately contribute to better public health guidelines and therapeutic applications for individuals navigating cognitive challenges.