The Study of Trans-Anethole in Improving Liver Inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway
The Study of Trans-Anethole in Improving Liver Inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway
Arezoo sadeghi,1,*
1. Msc of Molecular Genetic Department of Genetics, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.
Introduction: When the body is exposed to different stimuli, the acute inflammatory response, which is characterized by increased vascular permeability and the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), plays a crucial role in the innate immune reaction. Acute inflammation usually lasts a few hours to several days until the endogenous stimuli are completely scavenged. If this isn't the case, the process will progress to chronic inflammation, which can result in fatal illnesses like multiple sclerosis, liver inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. The liver is an important organ related to the toxicity of the substances introduced into the blood. The aim of this study was The Study of Trans-Anethole in Improving Liver Inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.
Methods: Scientific databases including Springer, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched for the current paper, which is titled The Paper of Trans-Anethole in Improving Liver Inflammation by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway.
Results: In Chinese traditional medicine, herbal plants are the main source of therapy for many common symptoms of ailments including ulceration and gas, with very few adverse effects. Trans-anethole (TA), an alkenylbenzene molecule, is the primary bioactive ingredient of the volatile oil extracted from anise and fennel seeds. It possesses a variety of bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anticonvulsant, and antioxidative properties. Moreover, exposure to light and extreme temperatures can quickly degrade TA. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it as safe for use, and its primary applications are in the food, cosmetic, perfume, and medical sectors. TA's anti-inflammatory properties about intestinal, lung, hepatic, and other inflammations have been the subject of numerous investigations. It has also been shown that TA inhibits the inflammatory response by blocking the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Numerous studies frequently use serum ALT and AST activity as indicators for liver damage. A previous study showed that in the endotoxin shock model of mice, the mean levels of AST and ALT activities were elevated. TA supplementation, however, reduced the elevated serum ALT and AST levels. According to the findings, pretreatment with TA reduced the elevated serum ALT levels in mice following hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and the elevated ALT levels are linked to the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. It is commonly known that pro- and anti-inflammatory innate immune response pathways depend on the participation of inflammatory cytokines. TNF-α is a type of proinflammatory cytokine that has been linked to various pathogenic processes, including acute lung injury (ALI) and periodontitis. Likewise, IL-6 is a key regulator of the acute phase response, while IL-1β is the most researched member of the IL-1 family secreted from macrophages. On the other hand, by preventing the release of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-10 contributes to counteracting the inflammatory response. As a result, we measured the liver and serum concentrations of the four main cytokines. The study's findings demonstrated that there were increased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the liver and serum. However, the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β were lower in those who supplemented with TA.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the hepatocytes' cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes are called ALT and AST. The direct toxic effect may be the reason for the increase in serum ALT and AST levels, which is indicative of cellular damage in the liver. The levels of aminotransferase were markedly lowered in rats given fennel and TA. Serum aminotransferase levels rise as a result of the release of AST and ALT due to injury to liver cells and disruption of the plasma membrane. Based on histological and biochemical analyses, we proved that fennel and TA decreased liver inflammation and avoided liver damage. Thus, it is possible that fennel and TA prevented hepatocytes from suffering cellular damage, as they were able to lower serum levels of liver enzymes.