Mobina Ashooi,1Haniyeh Amini Fard,2,*
1. Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences 2. Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences
Introduction: Mushrooms form a very wide collection of about one hundred thousand species, some of which are extremely different in appearance and size. Some of these are microscopic and others like Polypores and Lycoperdon Borista are very large. This group of small and big creatures form a world, each of which chooses a suitable environment according to their nature.
Fungi, unlike bacteria and water algae that do not have a true nucleus (protocaryotes), all have a clear nucleus (eucayotes). This opinion is close to the red and green algae of flowering plants and animals. Mushrooms are classified as plants and phytophytes in the classification of living organisms. They are considered chlorophyll.
Nutrition and ways of life of mushrooms:
Due to the lack of chlorophyll, these organisms are not able to use the carbon in the air through photosynthesis and are always heterotrophic towards this element. This nature of heterotrophy and lack of independence causes them to be divided into three groups:
1- Saprophytes
2-parasites
3- Symbiotes
They divide
Methods: Fungi living on dead organic matter are called saprophytes. A group of these umbrella fungi may obtain the nutrients they need from living materials by living in a parasitic way, and the other group has a facultative state, that is, they can live in a saprophytic or parasitic state. Other capped fungi also live in symbiosis with plants, which are called micro-organisms. Two corrections (mushroo toadstool) are used for caped mushrooms. Umbrella mushrooms belong to the order (aphyllophorales & agaricale) of the basidiomycetes. And their edible group is called (mushroom) and poisonous mushrooms (toadstool).
Mushroom life:
Mushroom is a type of plant whose asexual organ called mycelium or thread which consists of microscopic thin filaments or hypha is not often seen. What we know as mushroom means the cap set and the base of the reproductive system of this plant. The special set that produces and holds spores is called hymenium. The spore is a very fine particle that is more or less round and its diameter does not exceed a few thousandths of a millimeter. Spores can be considered mushroom seeds.
Each milligram of mushroom spore contains about twenty million particles, and a whole mushroom produces several billion spores during its lifetime.
1- Basidiomycetes: (basidiomycotes) whose spores are formed outside of the baside.
2- Ascomycetes: (ascomysetes) (including morels) whose spores are produced inside a long appendage called asgue.
Vegetative structure of mushrooms:
The reproduction of the fungus is done by the sprouts from the resistant mycelium and spores. Resistant mycelium, which consists of microscopic thin filaments or hyphae, often produce buds when the right conditions are provided and give birth to a new fungus. This mycelium is mostly endowment and sometimes colored and sometimes sinks into the soil or support. From the weaving of the spore, which is the complete organ of reproduction, the primary mycelium-forming thread is produced. As a result of multiplication, the primary mycelium first forms the secondary or resistant mycelium and then the carpophore.
When talking about mushroom, it means the visible part of the plant, i.e. the set (cap + base) that is used, and in scientific language, these two parts are collectively called carpophore, which is actually the fruit of the plant.
The plant itself, i.e. its asexual part, is a collection of thin filaments with a diameter of three thousandths to ten thousandths of a millimeter. These tangled filaments are called mycelium or mycelium in the scientific language and in the language of mushroom growers, they are called mycelium.
The mycelium is the asexual organ of the fungus that absorbs nutrients from the bed in which it is located to grow, and the reproductive organs produce a plant.
The carpophore consists of a cap and a base. In most cases, there are organs on the lower surface of the cap where spores or spores can be produced as:
1- Blade or lamelle: Agaricaceae family that includes Shami mushroom.
2- Tube: bolets mushrooms
3- Auguillon: hyclnes
4- Simple folds: (chanterelles)
5- Smooth: trumpet of the dead (trom pettesdelamort)
Tal building
The thallus of mushrooms is generally made of thin and branched filaments called mycelium, whose longitudinal growth is terminal and their branches are lateral and terminal. In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, the mycelium filaments generally have a transverse wall and the cells have one, two or more nuclei, in which case they are referred to as hyphae. In each wall between two cells, there is one or more synapses that connect the cytoplasm of the two cells to each other. These cells are called dikaryotic if they contain a dikaryote, i.e. two nuclei of different sexes. In phycomycetes and zygomycetes, the mycelium strands without a transverse wall are called syphot.
Results: Due to the great importance and health measures, it is necessary to recommend the following items:
1- The location of the mushroom cultivation units in the area where there is no possibility of contamination by some chemical compounds. At the same time, the air of the place should be free of toxic and polluting compounds.
2- The floor of the compost production halls should be cemented and tiled and roofed
3- The raw materials for preparing compost must be completely fresh and mixed together in the right proportion
4- Pasteurization and preparation steps of compost should be done at the optimal temperature in the whole cycle. During these steps, the compost should not acquire the necessary conditions for the growth and spread of the pathogen.
5- The workers who work in the compost preparation area should refrain from entering the seed inoculation halls and other breeding halls without changing their shoes and clothes.
6- Spawn and seeds used in inoculation must be completely fresh and free of contamination.
7- It is necessary to wash and disinfect all the necessary equipment in the process of inoculation of seeds and spawn.
8- The cover soil mixture should be properly pasteurized at a temperature of 60 to 65 degrees Celsius for 5 to 6 hours.
9- People who enter the cultivation halls to harvest must use clean work clothes and gloves.
10-Residues from the previous harvest must be completely collected and removed from the halls.
11- In irrigation water, it is better to use chlorine in the amount of 150 micrograms per milliliter to prevent the occurrence of bacterial diseases.
12- Remove the infected bags from the halls quickly or treat the infected parts with 2% formalin to make it (anti-infectious).
13- Bags filled with compost should remain completely closed to prevent possible contamination during transportation.
14- The remaining compost should not be placed near the breeding halls.
Other methods of controlling green mold disease include reducing humidity, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide (ventilation), increasing air ventilation, using clean and pollution-free materials, preparing cover soil in which there are no traces of rotten and dead wood tissues. He mentioned increasing soil pH by covering uncontaminated areas with sodium hypochlorite salt or sodium bicarbonate or Triof solution.
In the chemical method, as the results of the studies in the previous section showed, fungicides can be used.
Conclusion: Due to the great importance and health measures, it is necessary to recommend the following items:
1- The location of the mushroom cultivation units in the area where there is no possibility of contamination by some chemical compounds. At the same time, the air of the place should be free of toxic and polluting compounds.
2- The floor of the compost production halls should be cemented and tiled and roofed
3- The raw materials for preparing compost must be completely fresh and mixed together in the right proportion
4- Pasteurization and preparation steps of compost should be done at the optimal temperature in the whole cycle. During these steps, the compost should not acquire the necessary conditions for the growth and spread of the pathogen.
5- The workers who work in the compost preparation area should refrain from entering the seed inoculation halls and other breeding halls without changing their shoes and clothes.
6- Spawn and seeds used in inoculation must be completely fresh and free of contamination.
7- It is necessary to wash and disinfect all the necessary equipment in the process of inoculation of seeds and spawn.
8- The cover soil mixture should be properly pasteurized at a temperature of 60 to 65 degrees Celsius for 5 to 6 hours.
9- People who enter the cultivation halls to harvest must use clean work clothes and gloves.
10-Residues from the previous harvest must be completely collected and removed from the halls.
11- In irrigation water, it is better to use chlorine in the amount of 150 micrograms per milliliter to prevent the occurrence of bacterial diseases.
12- Remove the infected bags from the halls quickly or treat the infected parts with 2% formalin to make it (anti-infectious).
13- Bags filled with compost should remain completely closed to prevent possible contamination during transportation.
14- The remaining compost should not be placed near the breeding halls.
Other methods of controlling green mold disease include reducing humidity, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide (ventilation), increasing air ventilation, using clean and pollution-free materials, preparing cover soil in which there are no traces of rotten and dead wood tissues. He mentioned increasing soil pH by covering uncontaminated areas with sodium hypochlorite salt or sodium bicarbonate or Triof solution.
In the chemical method, as the results of the studies in the previous section showed, fungicides can be used.
Keywords: parasitology Mycology. Mushroom growth process. Types of mushrooms. Characteristics of mushrooms.