Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Superoxide Dismutase in Skin Aging: A Novel Approach for Cosmeceutical Applications
Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Superoxide Dismutase in Skin Aging: A Novel Approach for Cosmeceutical Applications
Mohammad Esfandiyari,1Hamid Reza Ahmadi Ashtiani,2,*
1. Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: Skin aging is a complicated biological process that is primarily impacted by variables associated with oxidative stress, which include an imbalance between an organism's antioxidant defense systems and the production of reactive oxygen species. One of the most important enzymatic antioxidants is superoxide dismutase, which catalyzes the neutralization of superoxide radicals-the most common ROS-into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. SOD is considered the key protecting factor against cellular damage, characteristic of skin aging, by lessening oxidative stress. Its application in cosmeceutical formulations increases with the aim of stimulating collagen synthesis and inhibiting inflammation and degradation of the extracellular matrix that results in youthful skin. This review focuses on senescence action by SOD and its benefit and activity percutaneously.
Methods: This review compiles and analyzes data from scientific literature available in PubMed, and Google Scholar. AI-assisted research tools, such as Typeset.io, were employed to streamline the identification of relevant studies. The analysis focused on in vitro and in vivo studies that investigated the role of SOD in preventing skin aging. The impact of different SOD isoforms on oxidative stress reduction, collagen synthesis, and inflammation control was a key area of focus. Additionally, studies on SOD’s clinical applications in dermatology, particularly its use in cosmeceuticals, were reviewed to provide a comprehensive understanding of its efficacy.
Results: The protective effects of SOD against aging are mediated through various signaling pathways, such as the AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, which regulate antioxidant response and promote collagen synthesis. Notably, studies have demonstrated that stable forms of SOD, such as highly stable SOD (hsSOD), can exert potent anti-aging effects. For example, in both in vitro and in vivo models, hsSOD reduced oxidative stress, enhanced skin thickness, and improved elasticity by promoting the formation of type I collagen. Furthermore, overexpression of SOD in transgenic models has been linked to increased collagen production and skin firmness, reinforcing its role in anti-aging skincare.
SOD’s anti-inflammatory properties also contribute to its anti-aging potential. The enzyme downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which are known to accelerate aging by inducing chronic inflammation. Through modulation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways, SOD reduces inflammation, thus preventing damage to skin cells and maintaining their function.
In clinical settings, topical applications of SOD have shown promising results in improving skin texture, reducing wrinkles, and enhancing overall skin hydration. Additionally, oral supplementation with SOD has been found to increase total antioxidant status (TAS) in individuals with photoaged skin, reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and improving skin moisture levels. These findings underscore the broad applicability of SOD in addressing various aspects of skin aging, from structural degradation to inflammation and hydration.
Conclusion: The multifaceted role of superoxide dismutase in skin aging highlights its therapeutic potential in cosmeceutical and dermatological formulations. By neutralizing ROS, promoting collagen synthesis, and modulating inflammatory responses, SOD offers a comprehensive approach to delaying the aging process and maintaining skin health. The enzyme’s ability to preserve skin structure, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance cellular resilience makes it a valuable ingredient in anti-aging products. Further advancements in the stability and bioavailability of SOD, particularly through innovative delivery systems, could enhance its efficacy and broaden its application in personalized skincare solutions. Moreover, understanding the genetic variability in SOD production and activity could offer insights into tailoring treatments for individuals with varying antioxidant needs.
With further research, SOD has the potential to become a key ingredient in future anti-aging skincare therapies. However, more clinical studies are needed to optimize its use and confirm its long-term safety in cosmeceutical products.