The Impact of Spirulina Supplementation on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials
The Impact of Spirulina Supplementation on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials
Masoumeh Farahnak Roudsari,1,*Amirfaham Rezaee,2
1. Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: Spirulina, a nutrient-dense blue-green algae, has garnered interest for its potential benefits in enhancing physical performance, particularly among athletes and individuals engaged in high-intensity exercise. Rich in antioxidants, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, spirulina has been hypothesized to improve oxygen uptake, reduce oxidative stress, and aid in recovery. However, the extent of its effectiveness remains debated, with varying outcomes reported across studies. This systematic review aims to critically assess the available clinical evidence on the effects of spirulina supplementation on physical performance, synthesizing findings from multiple trials.
Methods: A systematic review of 11 clinical trials was conducted to evaluate the effects of spirulina supplementation on various aspects of physical performance. Articles were identified using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Medline databases. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that assessed outcomes such as oxygen uptake, muscle performance, oxidative stress, lipid profiles, immune function, and body composition. Data were extracted from the selected studies and synthesized to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects of spirulina supplementation.
Results: Of the 11 articles reviewed, 9 reported positive effects of spirulina on physical performance, while 2 indicated minimal or adverse outcomes. Notably, spirulina supplementation was associated with improved oxygen uptake during incremental tests to fatigue, prevention of exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and muscle damage, reductions in body fat percentage, and improved maximal oxygen uptake, particularly in obese individuals. Significant reductions in plasma lipids were observed in those with dyslipidemia, while improvements in postprandial lipemia were noted in younger athletes. Moreover, spirulina may protect athletes from immune deficits associated with strenuous exercise and increase resting and post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. However, two studies found no significant benefits in body composition or muscle performance.
Conclusion: Overall, the evidence suggests that spirulina supplementation has a generally positive impact on physical performance, particularly in improving oxygen uptake, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing recovery. However, the results vary depending on the population studied, with some trials reporting limited benefits. Further research is needed to clarify the optimal conditions and populations for spirulina supplementation.