Introduction: Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, severely impacts cognitive function and daily living. Although several potential therapies are in various stages of clinical trials, bringing a new Alzheimer's drug to market remains challenging. Despite of being carefully studied, it is still an irremediable disease because of complicated pathophysiological features and Physiological Barriers. Hence, researchers are also exploring Nano drugs. Nasal drug delivery has emerged as an innovative strategy for administering drugs, with countless benefits over traditional methods. This route is safe and non-invasive. This paper provides a comprehensive review of nasal anatomy and the physiological factors that influence nasal medication absorption and highlights the current advancements in the development of intranasal Nanoformulations. It is crucial to note that nasal delivery can also lead to some side effects including toxicity .This review aims to provide current knowledge regarding the physiological consequences of intranasal drug delivery systems. Furthermore, this paper discusses challenges and methods to overcome these obstacles. It then delves into different types of nanoparticle.
Overall, this article provides a complete and current review of nanoparticle composition, making it a useful resource for researchers, pharmaceutical scientists, and healthcare professionals.
Methods: 48 recently published articles about nasal delivery of Nano medicines were extracted from Google scholar. The articles that was directly related to the subjects and focused on treatment by nanotechnology and different types of Nanocarriers and Nanomaterials were separated and studied carefully. This paper is a comprehensive review of 24 final articles.
Results: AD is a CNS disorder in the elderly population, where the normal body functions are progressively declines. The N2B drug delivery holds promise as an innovative therapeutic approach for the treatment of AZD. This approach has the potential for a number of benefits, including increased efficacy, lower systemic exposure, and noninvasiveness.N2B delivery is a noninvasive and patient-friendly route of drug administration which is particularly beneficial for elderly patients and individuals. This method is less invasive, making it more acceptable and convenient for long-term treatment. Currently available strategies for the AD treatment are facing several challenges and there is an urgent requirement of the treatment strategies with lower peripheral side effects and higher potency. Nanoparticles can be designed to target specific disease-related proteins like beta-amyloid, potentially disrupting their aggregation and offering a novel therapeutic approach. The nose-to-brain pathway can effectively treat CNS related disorders by bypassing the BBB as the most significant barrier.
Conclusion: Nanotechnology has shown tremendous promise for the pharmacological treatment of neurological disorders. Major challenges in this drug-delivery system include nasal architecture, mucociliary clearance, drug properties, formulation stability, and targeting efficiency, etc. Fundamentally, various factors are required to be considered. Further research is needed to develop less invasive and more affordable diagnostic approaches. Despite the positive findings of various studies, few advancements have been achieved in clinical settings. Further clinical trials will be required to understand the long-term efficacy and side effects of intranasal drugs and its exact uptake mechanisms to the brain parenchyma. If findings from the clinical trials support the preclinical data, the intranasal formulation can be a potential breakthrough treatment option for AD. Undoubtedly, additional work is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this route and improve intranasal drug delivery techniques. This is due to the fact that there are still concerns surrounding the use of nanomaterials because it is unresolved how they interact with biological systems. Therefore, an improved understanding of the interactions between these nanomaterials and the human body would yield greater insight for the development of improved therapeutic approaches. In addition, the potential for systemic toxicity and the effects of chronic exposure of the brain and other organs must be studied. Moreover, challenges such as formulation optimization, safety evaluation, and regulatory considerations need to be addressed for their successful translation into clinical applications
In conclusion, these evolving drug delivery technologies underscore a transformative potential for the field of Alzheimer's disease therapy, with a growing emphasis on improving drug delivery precision and site-specific availability, paving the way for more effective and patient-friendly approaches to Alzheimer's management.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Nanocarriers, Nanomaterials, Nasal drug delivery,Nanotechnology